Complete definition, forms and factors

A social movement is a change in the social status of an individual or group in society. This can include changes in economic status, education, employment, and general social status.

Anthony Giddens emphasizes the importance of social structures in influencing social movements, as well as the active role of individuals in changing destiny through the actions and choices they make.

Kimball Young and Raymond W. Mack argued about the movement of individual or collectivist social positions into a system of social stratification. This reflects changes in status and role in society.

According to Paul B. Horton and Chester L. Hunt, a social movement is a change in the position of an individual or group in the social structure from one social class to another.

According to Sorjono Sukanto, social movement is the movement of individuals or groups in the social hierarchy from higher or lower positions in society.

Soerjono Sukanto researched and observed the role of various factors, such as education, employment, social status and economic opportunities in influencing a person’s social movements in society.

Forms of social mobility

Social movements are divided into several forms, including:

Vertical social mobility is a form of movement that involves moving individuals or groups to higher or lower levels in the social hierarchy.

There are two types of vertical movement, including:

It occurs when a person or group rises to a higher status. For example, when someone reaches an educational level from high school to a bachelor’s degree, succeeds in a career, or acquires great wealth.

The opposite of vertical upward mobility occurs when a person or group experiences a decline in lower social status. This can happen due to business failure, economic crisis or other factors

Horizontal social mobility is a form of movement that involves the movement of individuals or groups into equal social positions. This does not lead to a significant change in marital status, but rather falls within the same social category.

An example of a horizontal move is a person works at one company, then moves to another company with the same position.

Horizontal navigation is often more popular than vertical navigation. This is because changes in job or profession can occur during a person’s career without having to radically change social status.

Factors such as work experience, skills, interests, and opportunities can influence the horizontal mobility of individuals or groups in society.

Intergenerational mobility is a form of social movement that occurs throughout a person’s life. In this context, changes occur in an individual’s social status during his life.

This means that a person may experience changes in the level of income, employment, education, or other social status from one point in time to a particular point in time.

An example of intergenerational mobility is when a person from a family with a low economic background is able to obtain a good education and achieve success in his career, such that his economic and social status increases significantly.

Intergenerational social mobility is a form of social movement that involves the transfer or change of social status between one generation and another in a family or community.

In this context, the focus is on differences in social and economic opportunities between parents, as the previous generation, and children, as the next generation.

For example, children from families from low economic backgrounds are able to significantly improve their socioeconomic status beyond that of their parents by obtaining a better education, or achieving success in other areas.

Structural mobility is a social movement that occurs as a result of changes in the overall social structure. This phenomenon is not due to direct individual or collective efforts.

Structural mobility involves changes in economic systems, technology, politics, or other social factors that can cause shifts in the social status of individuals or groups in general.

There are several complex factors that interact with each other and affect the level of social movement in society.

Higher education opens up opportunities for better paying jobs. This aspect is often associated with access to more skilled and technology-oriented jobs.

Hence, the educational level in turn has an effect in increasing the social mobility of the individual from the lower economic class to the higher class.

Economic factors, such as income, wealth, and access to economic opportunities, can influence an individual’s chances of moving up or down the social strata. Broad employment opportunities can increase the potential for positive social movements.

However, on the other hand, the economy is an obstacle to social mobility. For example, high education costs or lack of access to quality education can prevent individuals from achieving higher levels of education, which may be key to increasing social mobility.

When employment opportunities are broad and employment opportunities are more accessible to different levels of society, individuals have greater opportunities to improve their social and economic status through business and profession.

This can reduce social and economic disparities and provide fairer opportunities for all levels of society.

Access to quality health services can improve quality of life and productivity, which in turn can impact social movements.

By providing adequate health services, the number of absences from work due to illness can be reduced, people’s productivity can be increased, and the quality of life can be improved.

This aspect can contribute to increasing the economic mobility of individuals and society as a whole, due to increased opportunities for income generation and advancement in professional life.

The social environment includes the culture and norms of a society, access to education, employment opportunities, and social networks that a person has that influence social movements.

Social norms in a society can influence a person’s aspirations and hopes for social movements. If these aspects support change and

Encouraged to achieve success, individuals may be more motivated to make economic improvements.

Individuals who have labor market-relevant skills and appropriate education tend to have more opportunities to obtain better, higher-paying jobs.

Individual capabilities also include leadership qualities, communication, and other social skills that can influence social movements. These factors can help advance your career, as well as take advantage of opportunities that may not be available to others.

Technological developments and innovations can create new opportunities and change labor market needs, which may impact social movements.

Social mobility in the digital age can have some unique effects. Technology and increasingly widespread access to the Internet allow individuals to acquire new information and skills more easily.

Government policies related to education, health and equal opportunities can influence the level of social mobility in a society.

Governments can promote social justice and reduce discrimination in various aspects of life, including education, employment and access to public services.

By removing these barriers, society has a fair and equitable opportunity to achieve better social movements.

Factors that hinder social movements include:

Socioeconomic injustice refers to situations where there is inequality in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and treatment in society.

Economic status, race, religion, gender, ethnicity, and social background can affect the extent to which a person is able to access opportunities and receive fair treatment in various aspects of life.

In the economic context, social injustice can be seen in high income disparities and poverty between certain groups.

Some people may fall into a cycle of poverty due to limited opportunities to increase income or limited access to adequate educational and health services.

Low education refers to insufficient or limited level of education. Factors that can cause low education include limited access to educational facilities, limited resources, low quality of education, and social and economic problems.

To overcome this problem, it is important for government and society to work together to improve access and quality of education for all levels of society.

Efforts such as providing affordable education services, improving the quality of teachers and curricula, and supporting disadvantaged groups can help reduce disparities in education and support social movements.

Rigid social systems often include rigid and inflexible hierarchies. A person’s social status or position is determined by certain factors, such as birth, heredity, or membership in a group.

In this social structure, individuals tend to focus on social status determined by birth or heredity, without having the opportunity to move to a higher social class.

Strict social structures are often based on discrimination and legal restrictions that hinder social mobility and equal opportunities.

Cultural and mental factors include the values, beliefs, social norms and attitudes that develop in society. This can affect an individual’s behavior and outlook on life and affect opportunities for social mobility.

For example, marital status is very important and social movement is considered difficult or even undesirable.

Social mobility is closely related to changes in the position of individuals or groups in society. This movement provides hope toward positive economic change. This phenomenon can be influenced by education, employment opportunities, skills, and more.

However, there are still challenges that turn into obstacles, such as economic disparities, unequal educational opportunities, and discrimination. Collective efforts from various sectors of society are needed to create an inclusive and just society.